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Fluoridation in New Zealand

Fluoride and health


In the review of published literature and other reports on fluoride research, it is noticeable that many of the articles that raise fears about water fluoridation relate to overseas countries such as India and China, where fluoride is well in excess of the recommended levels of 0.7 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L.

Many of these studies are poorly conducted, lack substance, or repeat previous statements already shown to be without scientific validity.

For example, studies are conducted in laboratories and cannot be extrapolated to public health effects on the human population.

If the results were applicable to humans, there would be solid epidemiological evidence of increased rates of adverse health effects in fluoridated areas when compared with non-fluoridated areas.

This is not the case and there is no epidemiological evidence of health risks of the recommended levels of 0.7 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L.

Does fluoridation cause health problems?

Can fluoridated water cause toxic effects?


Dental fluorosis

The only effect that has been associated with water fluoridation (apart from improved oral health) is a very mild dental fluorosis in a small number of children.

Dental fluorosis is a defect of the tooth enamel caused by a high ingestion of fluoride during the development of the tooth. It is only one of a wide range of developmental effects that can occur in tooth enamel.

Clinically, dental fluorosis is characterised by opaque white areas in the enamel. In its mild forms these opacities may only be recognisable to a dental health professional or have no more than cosmetic significance. With increasing levels of fluoride ingestion the enamel can become pitted and mottled.

Go to information about water fluoridation and safety